广播电视部 国家安全部等


卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送电视节目管理办法(附英文)

1990年5月28日，广播电视部、公安部、国家安全部

办法
第一条 为了加强对卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的管理，保障对外经济、科技和文化交流，促进社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所称卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目，是指单位利用已有的卫星地面接收设施或者设置专门的卫星地面接收设施接收与本单位业务工作有直接关系的外国卫星传送的电视节目。
第三条 广播电影电视部负责全国卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的管理工作。
省、自治区、直辖市广播电视厅（局）负责本行政区内卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的管理工作。
第四条 教育、科研、新闻、金融、经贸以及其他确因业务工作需要的单位，可以按照本办法的规定，申请利用已有的卫星地面接收设施或者设置专门的卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目。
常住外国人的涉外宾馆（饭店）、公寓确需提供国际金融、商情等经济信息服务的，可以按照本办法的规定，申请设置专门接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的卫星地面接收设施。
接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的卫星地面接收设施，由中国广播电视部门组织提供安装和维修服务。
第五条 申请利用已有的卫星地面接收设施或者申请设置专门的卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目，应当具备下列条件：
（一）本单位的业务工作确有接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的必要；
（二）有确定的接收方位、接收内容和收视对象范围；
（三）有符合国家标准的技术设备；
（四）有合格的专职管理人员；
（五）有健全的管理制度。
第六条 利用已有的或者设置专门的卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的单位，应当向省级以上主管部门提出书面申请，经审查同意的，由申请单位报所在省、自治区、直辖市广播电视厅（局）审批。广播电视厅（局）批准的，发给《卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送
的电视节目许可证》（以下简称《许可证》），并由审批机关报广播电影电视部、公安部、国家安全部备案。
第七条 已有卫星地面接收设施的单位，未持有《许可证》的，不得接收外国卫星传送的电视节目；其他单位，未持有《许可证》的，不得设置卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目。
第八条 持有《许可证》的单位，必须严格按照《许可证》载明的接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的接收目的、接收内容、接收方位、接收方式和收视对象的范围等要求，接收和使用外国电视节目。
《许可证》不得涂改或者转让。因业务工作发生变化需要改变《许可证》规定的内容或者不再接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的，应当及时报请审批机关换发或者注销《许可证》，由审批机关按照本办法第六条的规定，报有关机关备案。
第九条 持有《许可证》的单位，接收外国卫星传送的电视节目，只允许在本单位业务工作中使用。除本单位领导批准外，一律不得录制。严禁将所接收的外国卫星传送的电视节目在国内电视台、有线电视台、录像放映点播放或者以其他方式进行传播。
经批准录制的音像资料目录，必须定期报所在地的广播电视、公安和国家安全部门备案。
录制的音像资料必须指定专人严格保管。
第十条 广播电视、公安和国家安全部门负责监督检查卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的管理工作，对违反本办法接收、录制、传播外国卫星传送的电视节目的行为有权予以制止。
第十一条 违反本办法第八条、第九条规定的单位，由省、自治区、直辖市广播电视厅（局）会同公安、国家安全厅（局）视情节轻重，给予警告、二万元以下的罚款、直至吊销《许可证》的处罚。吊销《许可证》的，可以同时没收其使用的卫星地面接收设施。对单位的直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，省、自治区、直辖市广播电视、公安、国家安全厅（局）可以建议其主管部门给予行政处分；情节严重构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第十二条 违反本办法第七条的规定，未持有《许可证》而擅自设置卫星地面接收设施或者接收外国卫星传送的电视节目的单位，省、自治区、直辖市广播电视厅（局）会同公安、国家安全厅（局）可以没收其卫星地面接收设施，并处以五万元以下的罚款。对单位的直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员可以建议其主管部门给予行政处分；有私自录制、传播行为，情节严重构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第十三条 当事人对罚款或者吊销《许可证》的处罚不服的，可以在收到处罚决定书之日起十五日内，向同级人民政府申请复议，也可以向人民法院起诉；对行政复议不服的，可以在收到复议决定书之日起十五日内向人民法院起诉。逾期不申请复议或者不起诉的，吊销许可证的处罚生效；逾期不申请复议或者不起诉又不交纳罚款的，罚款的处罚由作出处罚决定的机关申请人民法院强制执行。
第十四条 军队以及公安、国家安全部门因国防、公安和国家安全工作需要利用已有的或者专门设置的卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目，由中国人民解放军总参谋部、公安部、国家安全部分别制定措施进行管理。
外国驻华使（领）馆，以及其他享有外交特权与豁免的机构设置卫星地面接收设施接收外国卫星传送的电视节目，通过外交途径办理。
第十五条 本办法由广播电影电视部解释。
第十六条 本办法自发布之日起施行。

ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES FOR RECEPTION OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMESTRANSMITTED VIA FOREIGN SATELLITES BY GROUND SATELLITE RECEIVING FA-CILITIES

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES FOR RECEPTION OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES
TRANSMITTED VIA FOREIGN SATELLITES BY GROUND SATELLITE RECEIVING FA-
CILITIES
(Approved by the State Council on April 9, 1990 and promulgated in
the No.1 Decree jointly issued by the Ministry of Radio, Film and
Television, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of State
Security on May 28, 1990)
Article 1
These Measures are formulated for the purpose of strengthening the
administration of reception of television programmes transmitted via
foreign satellites by ground satellite receiving facilities, safeguarding
the economic, technological and cultural exchanges with foreign countries
and promoting the construction of socialist material civilization and
spiritual civilization.
Article 2
The term "reception of television programmes transmitted via foreign
satellites by ground satellite receiving facilities" as used in these
Measures refers to the reception by units of foreign-satellite-transmitted
television programmes that are directly related to the work or business
operations of these units by utilizing their existing ground satellite
receiving facilities or installing special ground satellite receiving
facilities.
Article 3
The Ministry of Radio, Film and Television shall be in charge of the
administration of reception of the television programmes transmitted via
foreign satellites by ground satellite receiving facilities throughout
China.
The departments (or bureaus) of radio and television of the provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government shall be in charge of administration of the reception of the
television programmes transmitted via foreign satellites by ground
satellite receiving facilities in their respective administrative areas.
Article 4
Units of education, scientific research, journalism, finance, and economic
relations and trade and other units that are really necessitated by the
needs of work may, in accordance with the provisions of these Procedures,
apply to utilize their existing ground satellite receiving facilities or
install special ground satellite receiving facilities to receive
television programmes transmitted via foreign satellites. Guest houses
(or hotels) and apartments which permanently accommodate foreigners may,
on condition that it is really necessary for them to provide economic
information services concerning international financial and marketing
situation, apply to install special ground satellite receiving facilities
to receive television programmes transmitted via foreign satellites in
accordance with these Procedures.
Services with respect to the installation and administration of ground
satellite receiving facilities for receiving television programmes
transmitted via foreign satellites shall be organized and provided by
Chinese departments of radio and television.
Article 5
A unit that intends to utilize its existing ground satellite receiving
facilities or install special ground satellite receiving facilities to
receive television programmes transmitted via foreign satellites shall
satisfy the following requirements:
(1) the work or business operations of the applying unit demands reception
of television programmes transmitted via foreign satellites;
(2) the direction of reception, the content thereof and the scope of
eligible viewers have been definitely specified;
(3) the applying unit possesses the technology and equipment that measure
up to the standard of the state;
(4) the applying unit possesses qualified professional personnel for the
administration of such programmes; and
(5) there is a sound system of administration in the applying unit.
Article 6
A unit that intends to utilize its existing ground satellite receiving
facilities or install special ground satellite receiving facilities to
receive television programmes transmitted via foreign satellites shall
apply in writing to the competent department at or above the provincial
level. If consent is granted thereto upon examination, the applying unit
shall proceed to submit the application for examination and approval to
the department (or bureau) of radio and television of the province,
autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government
where the applying unit is located. Upon approval by the department (or
bureau) of radio and television, a permit to receive television programmes
transmitted via foreign satellites (hereinafter referred to as "permit")
shall be issued to the applying unit and the case shall be reported by the
examining and approving authorities to the Ministry of Radio, Film and
Television, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of State
Security for the record.
Article 7
Without holding a permit, no unit already in possession of ground
satellite receiving facilities may receive television programmes
transmitted via foreign satellites, no other units may, without holding a
permit, install ground satellite receiving facilities to receive
television programmes transmitted via foreign satellites.
Article 8
A unit holding a permit shall, in receiving and making use of foreign
television programmes, strictly comply with the requirements specified in
the permit as to the purpose of reception, the content, directions and
modes thereof and the scope of eligible viewers.
No permit may be tampered with or transferred. If changes in the work or
business operations require alterations in the provisions of the permit or
make it no longer necessary to receive television programmes transmitted
via foreign satellites, the unit concerned shall submit in good time to
the examining and approving authorities a request for the issuance of a
new permit or for the cancellation of the permit already issued and the
examining and approving authorities shall report the case to the
authorities concerned for the record in accordance with the provision of
Article 6 of these Measures.
Article 9
A unit holding a permit may use the television programmes received from
transmission via foreign satellites only in the work or business
operations of the unit itself and, unless otherwise approved by the
leadership of the unit, no television programmes received from
transmission via foreign satellites may be recorded. It shall be strictly
forbidden to replay the television programmes received from transmission
via foreign satellites at any domestic television stations, closed-circuit
television stations or video-tape projection centres or to transmit them
by any other means. The catalogue of the audio-visual materials recorded
upon approval shall be submitted regularly for the records to the
departments of radio and television, public security and state security in
the locality where the unit is situated.
The recorded audio-visual materials shall be placed for strict safe-
keeping by a specially appointed person.
Article 10
Departments of radio and television, public security and state security
shall be responsible for exercising supervision and inspection over the
administration of the reception of television programmes transmitted via
foreign satellites by ground satellite receiving facilities and shall have
the right to stop any acts of violation of these Procedures in receiving,
recording or transmitting television programmes transmitted via foreign
satellites.
Article 11
If any unit violates the provisions in Articles 8 and 9 of these Measures,
the department (or bureau) of the province, autonomous region or
municipality directly under the Central Government shall, in conjunction
with the Department (or Bureau) of Public Security and the Department
(Bureau) of State Security at the same level and in accordance with the
seriousness of the case, give such penalties as issuing a warning,
imposing a fine of not more than Renminbi 20,000 yuan or, in an extreme
case, revoking the permit. Where the permit is revoked, the ground
satellite receiving facilities may also be confiscated concurrently. The
department (or bureau) of radio and television, the department (of bureau)
of public security and the department (or bureau) of state security of the
province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central
Government may suggest to the competent department concerned that
administrative sanctions be imposed on the unit's leading personnel in
charge of the work and other persons directly responsible. If the
violation is so serious as to constitute a crime, criminal liability shall
be investigated by the judicial department in accordance with the law.
Article 12
If, in violation of the provision in Article 7 of these Measures, any unit
without holding a permit installs ground satellite receiving facilities or
receives television programmes transmitted via foreign satellites without
authorization, the department (or bureau) of radio and television may, in
accordance with the department (or bureau) of public security and the
department (or bureau) of state security at the same level, confiscate the
ground satellite receiving facilities, with an additional imposition of a
fine of not more than Renminbi 50,000 yuan, and may suggest to the
competent department concerned to impose administrative sanctions on the
unit's leading personnel in charge of the work and other persons directly
responsible. Those who have recorded the programmes or disseminated them
without authorization, if the circumstances are so serious as to
constitute a crime, shall be investigated for criminal liability by the
judicial department in accordance with the law.
Article 13
Any party who is not satisfied with the penalty of a fine or of the
revocation of the permit may, within 15 days of receipt of the decision on
penalty, apply to the people's government at the same level for
reconsideration or may file a suit with the people's court. Any party who
is not satisfied with the result of the administrative reconsideration
may, within 15 days of receipt of the decision of reconsideration, file a
suit with the people's court. If no application for reconsideration is
submitted or no suit is filed within the prescribed period, the penalty of
revoking the permit shall go into effect. If no application for
reconsideration is submitted or no suit is filed within the prescribed
period and yet the fine imposed is not turned in, the authorities that
have made the decision on penalty shall apply to the people's court for
compulsory execution.
Article 14
With respect to reception of television programmes transmitted via foreign
satellites by units of the armed forces and the departments of public
security and state security utilizing their existing ground satellite
receiving facilities or installing special ground satellite receiving
facilities as are necessitated by national defence and public security and
state security, the Headquarters of the General Staff of the Chinese
People's Liberation Army, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry
of State Security shall respectively formulate measures for the
administration thereof. If foreign embassies (or consulates) stationed in
China and other institutions which enjoy diplomatic privileges and
immunities intend to install ground satellite receiving facilities to
receive television programmes transmitted via foreign satellites, they
shall handle the matter through diplomatic channels.
Article 15
The Ministry of Radio, Film and Television shall be responsible for the
interpretation of these Measures.
Article 16
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.


　 行政合理性原则是行政合法性原则的补充与发展，它是指行政机关自由裁量权的行使不仅要合法而且应当合理、客观、公正。

　　合理性原则产生的原因是基于行政机关自由裁量权的存在和广泛适用。自由裁量权是指行政机关在法律规范明示或默示的范围内，基于行政目的自由斟酌选择适当的行为方式的权力。从形式上看，行政主体基于法定范围内自由裁量权的行使所产生的自由裁量行为都是合法行为，即使在客观上背离了社会公共利益，造成不良后果也仅属于不当的行为，不产生违法的问题；但同时又应注意到，严重不当的行政行为也会给相对人的合法权益造成损害。正因为如此，自由裁量权的行使同样必须受到法律的控制，自由裁量权的行使不仅应当合法，而且应当合理、客观、公正，这是法制原则的基本要求。因此，合法性原则与合理性原则相互依存，有效保障行政法制原则的实践，被公认为法制国家的根本原则之一。

　　合理性原则主要包括以下内容：1、自由裁量权的行使必须基于正当的动机；2、自由裁量权的行使必须符合法律授予自由裁量的目的；3、自由裁量权的行使必须基于正确的考虑，即应考虑相关的因素，而不应考虑无关的因素；4、基于自由裁量权的行使所作出的行政行为的内容必须客观公正、合情合理。

　　我国行政诉讼法第五条规定：“人民法院审理行政案件，对具体行政行为是否合法进行审查。”据此，我国学界和司法实务界对行政诉讼中能否适用合理性原则存在颇多争议。一种观点认为，滥用自由裁量权的行为属于违反合法性原则的行为。理由是，从我国行政诉讼立法情况来看，我国行政诉讼法不仅规定人民法院对滥用职权的行政行为可以判决撤销，而且将这一规定与其他形式的违法行为并列在一起，说明滥用职权也是一种非法行为。因此，承认合理性原则没有实际意义。另一种观点认为，对具体行政行为的司法审查实行合法性审查原则，对滥用自由裁量权的合理性审查只是合法性审查原则的例外。

　　笔者认为，第一种观点实质上是把行政自由裁量与合理性原则割裂开来，将使合理性原则失去存在的基础，从而丧失作为行政法基本原则的价值和意义，从而在根本上动摇行政法的基础理论。行政自由裁量行为并非不受任何限制，由行政机关及其工作人员任意作出，它仍应遵循合理性原则。合理性原则要求行政自由裁量行为要公平、客观、公正、适当、符合公理。如果将行政自由裁量行为排除在司法审查之外，就等于撤除了介于自由和随意之间一道必要的防线，默许了主观随意产生的那些不公平、不公正、不适当的行政行为合法，其结果与我国对行政行为的司法审查制度的根本宗旨相悖。基于此，笔者主张，在行政自由裁量权日益扩张，行政滥用职权日益多样化的今天，理应赋予合理性原则以独立的地位，司法审查应该从合法性原则向兼顾合法性与合理性原则转变。

　　与此同时，我们应当认识到司法审查行政自由裁量权具有有限性，应当坚持以合法性原则为主，合理性审查为辅。这是因为，司法审查是一种事后监督行政权的法律机制，不可能解决行政权行使过程中产生的所有问题，它只能在司法权可以影响的范围内实现对行政权监督的目的。司法最终解决原则作为一项法制原则，不能完全适用于司法权对行政权监督的关系上，否则即有司法权取代行政权之嫌。为了有效地行使司法审查权，行政诉讼必须规定一个审查限度，即只有滥用自由裁量权才受到法院的司法审查。自由裁量行为是否合理只能通过行政复议等内部救济途径来解决。

　　合理性原则的提出，为司法审查行政自由裁量权提供了一项实用性很强的司法审查原则，但由于合理性标准的复杂性和可变性，依据这些标准对行政自由裁量行为予以司法审查对法院提出了很高的要求。当我们赋予司法权对行政自由裁量权予以司法审查的权力时，应该把握司法审查行政自由裁量权深入到怎样程度才能达到既控制行政自由裁量的目的又不至于导致代替行政自由裁量权之嫌。

　　首先，司法权应当尊重行政权在自由裁量范围内的合理选择。行政诉讼法的立法目的表现在两个方面，既要保护公民、法人的合法权益，又要保障行政机关依法行使行政权力，因此，司法权应在公共利益与私人利益之间寻求平衡。

　　其次，合理地确定司法审查的范围和力度。司法审查的范围主要体现在法律问题和事实问题两个方面。由于司法权和行政权的职能区别，因此，司法审查行政机关对法律问题的判断，其“度”必强，因为司法人员拥有对法律问题最终判断的权力和技能；司法审查行政机关对事实问题的判断，其“度”适中，因为行政机关熟悉其业务范围内的工作。法院对行政机关认定的事实应相对尊重，尤其是在技术性强的行政管理领域所认定的事实，不能轻易以自己对事实的判断代替行政机关对事实的判断。

　　由于合理性原则的可操作性不强，很难有较为客观的标准来衡量它。符合行政目的、正当考虑、合乎情理等标准主观性很强，所以我国的行政合理性原则尚待进一步细化。我国有学者主张比例原则并且在司法实践中已有运用的范例。

　　比例原则属于合理性原则的范畴，是指行政权力的行使除了有法律依据这一前提外，行政主体还必须选择对相对人侵害最小的方式来进行。比例原则强调行政手段与目的之间的均衡关系，通常认为，比例原则中还包含有三个次级原则：第一，适当性原则。即行政机关采取的措施及方法应有助于行政目的之实现，否则即违反适当性原则。如某公司长期假冒他人专利产品行为，工商部门采取的罚款方式已沦为变相收费，无助于保护知识产权，维护市场秩序目的之实现。第二，必要性原则（亦称最小损害原则）。意指在有某种同样可达到行政目标之方法可供选择时，行政机关应当选择对相对人权益侵害最小者，不能超出必要的限度，否则即违反必要性原则。如税务部门有权扣押欠税者财产，若其在扣押产品与扣押生产设备之间选择，则一般应选择前者，因为这对欠税者的损害相对较小。第三，相当性原则。行政机关采取的方法对相对人权益造成的侵害不得与欲实现之目的显失均衡，两者之间应保持相对均衡的关系，否则即违反相当性原则。如警察鸣枪示警的目的在于制服犯人，若警察鸣枪示警后，犯人畏服，则行政目的已达到。此时，若警察仍向犯人射击致其伤亡，则该侵害与行政目的之间不存在均衡关系，从而违背相当性原则。

　　根据上述情况，法院适用比例原则的司法审查标准是基本合理标准，法院只能纠正严重违反比例原则的具体行政行为。主要理由一是违反比例原则只有达到严重的程度才能被认定为滥用职权或显失公正，否则就是一般的不合理。行政机关可以在两种手段中进行选择时，没有选择对相对人权益侵害最小者，而此时若两种手段给相对人造成的损害差别不大，则属于一般不合理；若差别明显，则属于滥用职权或显失公正。根据行政诉讼法第五十四条的规定，只有在被诉具体行政行为达到滥用职权或显失公正程度时，法院才能作出撤销或变更判决。二是从实务角度看，若求全责备，将违反比例原则程度轻微的具体行政行为一律予以撤销或变更，实际益处并不明显，相反对行政效率的消极影响却很大。因此，比例原则的司法审查标准只能定位在基本合理的水平上。

作者单位：江苏省大丰市人民法院